Rome began as a small settlement on the Tiber River in central Italy, traditionally founded in 753 BC by Romulus. Initially ruled by kings, it became a Republic in 509 BC after overthrowing its last king, Tarquin the Proud. The Republic was governed by elected magistrates and the Senate, which represented powerful patrician families. Over time, Rome expanded its control over Italy through alliances and wars, including the Samnite Wars.
In the 3rd century BC, Rome fought the Punic Wars against Carthage, its main rival in the Mediterranean. The Second Punic War (218-201 BC) saw Hannibal famously crossing the Alps, but Rome ultimately won, gaining dominance over Spain and North Africa. Rome continued expanding eastward, conquering Greece and parts of Asia Minor.
However, internal conflicts grew as rich aristocrats gained more land while small farmers lost theirs. Reform attempts by the Gracchi brothers failed, leading to social unrest. The late Republic was marked by power struggles, notably between Marius and Sulla, then Caesar and Pompey. Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC, defeated Pompey, and was declared dictator for life, but was assassinated in 44 BC.
Source:
https://www.threads.com/@beliproduk.official/post/DMTiTKJzx5z